The Plot of the Play; A Disturbed Rama Accepts to Honour the Wicked Wishes

The sinister plot to impede the coronation of Sri Rama and send him into exile is in full ascendance with Kaikeyi stubborn on her stance in conversation with Dasaratha. The noble king he is, Dasaratha was in shock and grief, which are overpowering his normal being. Nothing is melting the plot, which is going to unravel in full strength as time passes. Sumantra is summoned to bring Sri Rama to their place. It would be a lesson to see how Rama receives and reacts to the drastic news as opposed to how his father reacted to the whimsical fancies of his polluted wife. Let us look at all that is there to explain the moments before the story takes a decisive turn. 

In chapter 15, Sumantra enters the royal court and observes all the arrangements made for the coronation of Sri Rama. Ordered by Dasaratha to fetch Sri Rama, he enters the mighty building of Sri Rama.  

Robbing the night of its darkness, rose the Sun, pure and brilliant. The Pushya star was in ascendance and the ruling planet Karkata was in position, as it was the day Rama was born. Vedic brahmins led by Vasishta, the ministers, the army chiefs and the elite of Ayodhya had all congregated at the palace, to participate and witness the great event. Everything was in readiness for the consecration ceremony, prelude to the coronation. No effort had been spared to enhance the splendor of the occasion. A canopy that shone with the brilliance of a new moon was erected, while the throne, dazzling in its magnificence waited for its divine master. Chariots draped with tiger skins looked resplendent. Waters from every sacred river, lake and sea were procured for the rituals. Courtesans bejeweled and bedecked in all their finery created an atmosphere of pulsating beauty and merriment.

Upon this scene came Sumantra assuring the expectant gathering that he was on his way to escort Rama. Sumantra went on to the chambers of Dasaratha and respectfully informed him, that all of Ayodhya awaited him eagerly. Dasaratha said he would come, but it was now imperative that Rama be brought to him in all haste. Sumantra swiftly rode through the highways of Ayodhya, teeming with hordes of revelers to reach the spectacular mansions of Rama, glowing like mount Kailash. Its arched doorways were studded with diamonds and corals. Golden statues dotted the courtyard, proud peacocks strutted around, vying with other birds of exquisite plumage while incense and sandal perfumed the air. Sumantra's heart throbbed with elation at such magnificence. Making his way through a large concourse teeming with visitors, Sumantra entered the palace of Rama which resembled the chariot of the gods. There he beheld zealous young men, vigilant and devoted to their master, armed with bows and spears. Elderly men robed in red, guarded the apartments of the women. The guards were asked to inform Rama of Sumantra's arrival. 

In this chapter 16, Sumantra arrives at Rama's palace to bring him to royal court. Rama starts to the royal court to meet his father. On the way Rama observes the jubilant city.

Rama with Sita by his side received Sumantra respectfully. Paying his obeisance to the most magnanimous of princes, Sumantra told Rama that both the king and Kaikeyi wished to see him. Hearing this Rama turning to Sita said, "Ever mindful of my interests like a mother, the queen must have sent me this message to tell me of my enthronement." Accompanying her lord to the doorway, giving herself up to dreams of good fortune Sita said, "May all the gods of the four directions protect you. I will await your installation, to pay you homage." Rama mounted his chariot and sped through the beautifully decorated streets of Ayodhya. The wheels of the chariot thundered, the horses galloped like the wind and Lakshmana stood in faithful attendance behind Rama. 

Seeing their master set out, the waiting sea of humanity in hundreds and thousands surged from all directions. Mounted on horses and elephants they too followed Rama. The sound of trumpets, the singing of the bards and the shouting of the warriors rose to a crescendo. Women stood on balconies, showering flowers and praise on Rama as he went past. They said "Sita, that virtuous lady beyond compare, beautiful and beloved consort of Rama must have undergone many austerities, to merit being united with Rama. "They commended Kausalya's good fortune in begetting Rama as son. The happy populace jostling about and jovial, predicted universal prosperity as no misfortune or calamity could take place under Rama's rule. Hearing the comments, beholding the large quantities of gems and precious stones displayed by merchants, amidst the neighing of horses and trumpeting of elephants, Rama approached the palace of his sire. 

The chapter 17 further describes journey towards the royal palace. On the way Rama hears blessings and well-meaning words of his friends and various people gathered there. 

In response to the king's wishes, Rama wended his way in all haste to the royal abode. Accompanied by his friends and well-wishers, he went through highways lined with imposing mansions, their roofs almost touching the clouds. The air was redolent with the scent of aromatic resins and sandal as Rama beheld Ayodhya, the pride of the world, in all its glory. Traders displayed their exquisite wares of rich silks, pearls, perfumes and endless other merchandise. Anything and everything were available for the asking. As Rama passed through this splendor, benedictions were showered on him from all directions. Every lip moved in a prayer for him, and every heart wished for his well-being, peace and prosperity. 

The charm of the god-like Ikshvaku prince was mesmeric. The citizens were spell bound and so were those visiting from far and near at such beauty and radiance. They looked upon Rama, whose demeanor was so compassionate, so serene and so very divine, in wonder and veneration. Their gaze riveting on his face refused to shift, as they stood transfixed in his glow, like those in a trance. Ecstatic were those, on whom fell his benign glance, while shattered were they who could not even catch a glimpse of him. Feeling bereft they were held in contempt by their own conscience. But noble Rama beheld all with impartial grace, courtesy and mercy. "No greater fortune can befall us, than to witness the coronation of Rama," was the verdict of the people. After paying homage to every temple, monument and grove enroute, Rama reached the first gateway to his father's palace. He went through the first three gateways on his chariot, the next two by walking through them and finally leaving behind his retinue, he went to see his father. 

In the chapter 18, Rama arrives at the king's presence. Seeing King disturbed, Rama becomes grieved and wants to know the cause of king's perturbance. Queen Kaikeyi describes to Rama about the boons that Dasaratha had given earlier and also her wishes of coronating Bharatha instead of Rama and sending Rama to Dandaka forest. On listening to these harsh words of Kaikeyi, Rama did not become sorrowful, but Dasaratha was very much disturbed. 

Upon entering, Rama beheld Dasaratha seated on his magnificent throne, with Kaikeyi by his side. He did not notice either the despondency of his father or his grief- ravaged face. With great love and reverence, he prostrated to Dasaratha and to Kaikeyi. Dasaratha attempting to speak to Rama could not go beyond the one word 'Rama', before breaking down in. Having never seen this frightening form of Dasaratha, Rama, who could withstand the onslaught of any calamity, who was unshakable in the face of a thousand sorrows, was shattered. The impact of the shock was almost physical and he recoiled as one who had stepped on a venomous snake. A great turmoil raged within Dasaratha caused by the choice he had to make between the promise he had made to his son and the one he had made to his wife. This made him feel like an ocean battered by the fury of a tempest. Rama's heart went out to his father, who seemed a personification of misery. He even questioned himself, whether he could be the cause for his father's sorrow. "If so, I shall not live to see the morrow", thought Rama. 

Looking at Kaikeyi imploringly, Rama asked her, "Why does the king always so loving, not speak to me? Is he sick? What ails my noble Sire? Are Bharata and Satrughna safe? Have I not obeyed you, my parents, who are my living gods? Mother, did you speak to him in anger or arrogance, for his soul to be tormented so?" Kaikeyi's reply was like a whiplash. Brazenly, with no trace of regret or shame she said, "Rama, nothing ails the king nor is he displeased. His boundless love for you, prevents him from telling you, that which is unpleasant. Ignoramus that he is, your father fails to honor the boons he had granted me. Make sure the king will not be false to his vows, because of you. "Kaikeyi's deplorable words that went beyond all barriers of decency, hurt Rama deeply and he said, "Mother, it is not befitting of you to speak so. As for my father, his very word is my command. Ordered by him, I am willing to throw myself into the fire or cast myself into the ocean. I will die for any one, be it the king, my preceptor, a friend or who so ever demands it of me. What Dasaratha desires shall be carried out. I promise you, Rama never utters that which is false." 

Kaikeyi then had the audacity to tell that most righteous of men, "If you desire your father and yourself to be known as men of honor in this world, Rama, listen to me. As vowed by the king, you are to be exiled. All that has been procured for your coronation shall be used to install Bharata as king. Forsaking the throne of Kosala, you will live in the Dandaka forest for a period of fourteen years, clad in robes of bark. Bharata will rule the kingdom of Kosala from its capital city of Ayodhya, which abounds in gems, jewelry, horses, chariots and elephants. This is the reason for the king's grief. A breach of promise is a grave transgression. Save your father from committing that ignominy and save him from perjury." 

Struck at the misfortune that had befallen his beloved son, Dasaratha's soul writhed in agony. His eyes were unable to see beyond the veil of tears, and his voice choked with emotion was rendered speechless. But Rama the most noble and virtuous of men, betrayed no sign of sorrow. 

In chapter 19, Rama, on hearing the harsh and cruel words of Kaikeyi, remains unruffled. He asks Kaikeyi sorrowfully about the reason the king did not speak to him directly about the matter. He then immediately decides to leave for forest after duly saluting the king and Kaikeyi. Before that, he desires to visit his mother and Sita and inform them of his decision. 

Rama was unmoved by Kaikeyi's merciless tirade. It brought no sadness upon him to know that her dishonorable wishes would only bring distressing results. In all humility, gracious to the core, he said, "Why did my father himself not tell me of Bharata's coronation when I would have willingly given up all that I possess, for the asking, to my brother Bharata. How much more will I not relinquish for my king, who is also my father, my 'Guru' and my god. To honor his vows, I shall go into exile. Let messengers ride swift-footed horses, to escort Bharata back to Ayodhya." 
 

Rama's words thrilled Kaikeyi. Not wanting to jeopardize her moment of triumph, she wished Rama away that very instant urging him to tarry no further. She even tried to convince him that it was of no concern if the king, shamed and confused did not speak to Rama, his beloved son. She then dealt the ultimate blow by announcing to Rama that the king may not even bathe or eat until he left. Aghast at the blatant lie, Dasaratha's dwindling strength and tolerance crumbled. His battered mind succumbed to the havoc created by Kaikeyi's wiles and the great king fell unconscious on his golden couch. 
 
Unaffected by the queen's jarring words, Rama, the virtuous son of a virtuous father, neither lost his composure nor his grace. Beyond reach of all emotions he lifted his father tenderly, urged all the while by Kaikeyi to start on the journey. Impervious of Kaikeyi's frantic efforts, Rama, tranquil as ever told her with utmost courtesy, "Mother I have no ambitions. Know me to be an equal of the rishis. In dharma alone I take refuge. If fulfilling my father's wishes brings upon me my very death, so be it. If there be a greater virtue than that of serving my father, I am not aware of it. Even if my father does not say so, I will still exile myself, so as to honor your wishes. Did you doubt my nature and my obedience towards you so much that you had to make your desire sound like a royal decree? I now take leave of you. Rest assured that I would not remain a moment more than it would take to bid farewell to my mother Kausalya and not a moment more than necessary to appease Sita." 
 
Witness to all this, Dasaratha's tears flowed unchecked. A king broken and defeated agonized helplessly over his son. Once again, he fought a losing battle with his consciousness and once again did it betray him. Rama took silent leave of his father who lay unconscious by worshipfully touching his feet. Kaikeyi's wickedness did not prevent Rama's nobility from paying her an equally reverential farewell. He then joined his friends followed by Lakshmana whose eyes streamed with tears of anger. 
 
Relinquishing the kingdom did not mar Rama's serenity nor did it diminish his glory. Like a great sage whose heart was ever devoid of turmoil, Rama set out. Renouncing the throne and being banished from the country cast no shadow over him. Bidding an affectionate farewell to all those around him he went to see Kausalya with no trace of emotion. His only concern was of the distress that the fateful changes would cause, where supreme joy had prevailed. In relinquishing the kingdom, Rama gave up the entire fanfare and trappings that went with it. Abandoning the royal canopy, the beautifully ornate fans and the chariot, he walked to his mother's apartments, his face radiating a divine glow.

 

This concludes chapters 15,16,17,18 and 19 of Ayodhya Kanda where we had seen the wish of banishment of Rama gets to Rama himself, who accepted it with nothing but obedience to his parents. The mighty among men followed the path dictated by dharma and prepares to forego his own royal life and coronation without any second thought. When wicked minds hatches a cruel conspiracy, the noble among men reacts with highest order of civility and instigate a gloom over the kingdom. Let us look at how Lakshmana, Kausalya, Sita, Vashista, Sumantra and other ministers took the news, before getting it to Bharata. The next many chapters will describe these exchanges in light of the unshakable resolve to exile Rama and crown Bharata. Let us look at all of them in great description and how Rama went into exile in subsequent posts. 

 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 

 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 

The Plot of the Play; A Shocked Dasaratha Converses with Kaikeyi but In Vain

We had seen the sinister plot by Manthara and Kaikeyi, not just against the coronation of Sri Rama but also to send him into exile for fourteen years. As the festivities begin for the Rama’s accession to throne all over the country, Dasaratha is mostly ecstatic and relieved that everything good, auspicious has been happening to him and Ayodhya. His long, successful service as the king, birth of four immaculate sons, their growing up and marrying at the right time, his eldest son coming of age with most virtuous qualities and decked up for coronation – things cannot unfold better for Dasaratha. Let us see how this is going to take a bad turn with the malicious plot by his very own wife – Kaikeyi.

In chapter 10, Kaikeyi enters the house of wrath. Dasaratha tries to pacify her anger. Let us see how it is described. Kaikeyi, after entering the house of wrath, lay like one struck by a poisoned arrow. Though she seethed with anger and hatred it did not stop her from scheming all the while as to how she could realize her diabolic goal. Her entire being was distorted with malice and her sighs came out like the hiss of a serpent. In spite of it all she looked like a Kinnera descended from the heavens as she lay there amid her strewn jewels, which glittered like stars in the night sky.

Meanwhile, Dasaratha was given permission by his counsel of ministers for the coronation of Rama at dawn the next day. When he went in search of Kaikeyi to share with her these tidings of joy, he was told that the queen had withdrawn to her chamber of anger. The thought that his beloved wife was upset seared his heart. He found his beautiful consort lying on the floor as helpless as a torn creeper. She seemed to him as beautiful as an Apsara thrown to earth, as delusive as Maya and as desolate as a swan in captivity. Beholding her, overcome with sorrow, he asked his lotus- eyed queen, "Who has hurt you, who has humiliated you? Speak Kaikeyi and the errant shall be punished. I value nothing above your happiness, not even my life. My kingdom, which extends beyond the horizon and which abounds in wealth and prosperity is yours to command. You need but speak and I will dispel your gloom just as the morning sun dissolves the mists of dawn." Kaikeyi's heart soared with joy. It was her moment of triumph. Instead of disclosing the cause of her distress, she decided to continue with the pretense to augment his agony.

In chapter 11, Kaikeyi asks King Dasaratha to fulfill the boons given to her in earlier times. Dasaratha enslaved by his passion for Kaikeyi, firmly caught in the clutches of his overwhelming love for her, was treated to a harsh reply, "Nothing is wrong, but I do have a wish. Promise me that you will grant it and I shall reveal it to you". The magnanimous king with a gentle smile said, "There is no woman in this world dearer to me than you and no man dearer than my Rama, the noblest among them. In the name of that son who is my very life, who is the reason why I live and without whom I cannot exist, I give you my word of honor, to fulfill your wishes. Prodded by a mind turned evil, recognizing her moment of triumph, Kaikeyi readied to reveal her fearful plan by uttering words so cruel, that they rang like a death knell to the noble soul Dasaratha.

"My Lord" said Kaikeyi, "Once again have you sworn to fulfill my wishes! May the gods led by Indra, the Sun, the Moon and the planets, including all the celestials and other living beings, bear witness to this. You had granted me two boons at the time of the deva danava conflict. I now claim them. If for any reason you deem not to honor them, I shall not live, for I would rather perish than face the humiliation".

Dasaratha entrapped by Kaikeyi's words, bound by the dictates of dharma, fell into the trap as a deer unto the hunter's snare, to his destruction. He heard Kaikeyi say "Let the coronation be that of my son Bharata and let Rama be banished to the Dandaka forest for fourteen years clad in bark robes, to lead the life of an ascetic. Grant me these boons, be true to your word and uphold your traditions, your honor and that of your race". Kaikeyi's words, precise and decisive spelt doom, for they would prove to be the beginning of the end of a great king.

In chapter 12, Dasaratha is shocked by the strange wishes of Kaikeyi and tries to convince Kaikeyi of her wishes as being harmful. Kaikeyi would not heed to the emperor's words.

The brutality of Kaikeyi's demands stunned Dasaratha. Overcome by grief, unable to bear the onslaught of her merciless tirade, the noble king for a moment lost all consciousness of the world around him. Regaining his senses back slowly and painfully he wondered, "Am I dreaming? Is this a kind of madness of my mind or do memories of my past experiences from another life come to haunt me?" Beholding Kaikeyi, he was petrified like a deer rendered helpless at the sight of a tiger. His burning eyes spitting fire bore into her very soul as he cried out in great anguish, "Unaware of your nature and to my peril did I bring you into this palace. I believed you to be a princess, full of grace and nobility but you have shown yourself as a snake, sharp fanged and venomous. What harm has Rama caused you that you wish to punish him so?"

I can give up Kausalya, Sumitra, my kingdom and even my life. But I can never give up my Rama, my god- like son, so dear and so full of love and reverence towards me. Rid yourself of your wicked thoughts Kaikeyi. None will offer you more respect and honor than Rama, who is the very personification of the noblest of qualities. I beseech you to let Rama the most virtuous among men, loved by the world, be installed king. I prostrate to you in obeisance Kaikeyi. Have pity on me. Do not send me to my death!" Kaikeyi did not relent, nor did Dasaratha's impassioned pleas full of anguish touch her. They made not the minutest dent in her armor of stubborn resolve. Scornfully brushing aside the king's words as the inane babble of the insane, she lashed out at Dasaratha. She contended that by going back on his promise he was bringing disgrace to the great dynasty of the Ikshvakus. She cited examples of the many ancestors of that illustrious race, who had sacrificed much to redeem their given word. "Just or unjust, good or evil, you cannot commit a breach of promise. Nothing but the banishment of Rama and the coronation of Bharata will pacify me. If these do not come to pass, I will end my life in your very presence", threatened Kaikeyi. Dasaratha was drained of all happiness and felt paralyzed at her menacing vow. Looking disbelievingly at her, who was so precious to him only moments ago, perceiving her utter disdain for him, the hapless king, pathetically tried to reason with his queen once again. "Rama loved by all and pure of mind is devoid of all evil. He wins the hearts of the most humble and the deprived with charity. With service does he win over the hearts of his gurus and his enemies flee at the very sight of his bow. Rama has never uttered anything but the sweetest and most loving of words. How can I subject him to hardship at a time when he is to be installed as the adored lord of the world, who should be living in the palace? How can he survive on the bitter and acrid foods of the forest?"

Dasaratha said that he would be condemned for depriving Rama of his heritage and ridiculed as one who had committed a folly to satisfy the whims of a capricious woman. He said, "I will be cursed for the unpardonable act and will be taken to the land of the dead. The renowned Ikshvaku dynasty will be brought to ruin to disintegrate in disgrace under your rule.I  can never honor your malicious desires that spurn relationship. Do you seek its destruction? The world may go on without the Sun, the crops without rain, but I cannot endure life without Rama. Can I bear the looks of Sumitra's silent askance of Lakshmana's fate, if Rama himself can be betrayed thus? How can I face Kausalya? How can I tell her that divine Rama's coronation will not take place, but his exile will? When that comes to pass, my body will be rendered lifeless. Sita coming to know of it may also perish, deprived of her consort.

Dasaratha's pleas fell on deaf ears. The queen who until now, was his joy, his love and his world, in whose presence all else had paled into insignificance, was now inflicting so much pain on him. Lingering memories of his obsession for her haunted him, who was still a captive of her wily charms. His eyes refused to believe the contempt in her eyes. His ears refused to hear her vicious dialouge. His senses refused to accept the choking emotions of his mind. His body with no faculty present to govern it fell to the ground in a heap, like an uprooted tree, succumbing to the fury of the storm. Moaning piteously, Dasaratha made one last attempt at trying to persuade Kaikeyi to change her mind. "Cause me no more sorrow Kaikeyi. I am ready to touch your feet, have mercy on me", with that Dasaratha's swaying body fell before the queen, who showed her ultimate disdain for that great emperor by moving away beyond reach lest he touch her.

In chapter 13, Sage Valmiki describes the bitter agony of Dasaratha on hearing the adamant Kaikeyi's words.

The king was on the floor helpless and weeping. Neither of the acts was becoming of a great monarch, but Kaikeyi who was yet to achieve her purpose neither feared nor cared for the opinion of the world. She asked Dasaratha, "Great king! You have always taken pride in upholding the truth and honoring your promises. Why do you now deny me mine?" Shaking with fury at the shameless banter of his queen, Dasaratha said, " Evil woman, you are my enemy and will bring me death, what should I tell the devatas in heaven when they ask me of the wrong I had done to Rama? Should I say that I did so to please your whims? And now, what shall I tell Rama? That the coronation will not take place, but his banishment will, rendering false the promise I had earlier made to him? How can I part from that son of mine for whom I had pined so intensely and for many long years and how can Rama who is dear to all survive the inhospitable jungles?

Dasaratha's agony was endless. Feeling faint and spent, he did not notice the Sun dip into the western horizon, plunging the world in darkness. The stars came out to bejewel the night sky and the moon cast around its brilliance, but Dasaratha found no solace in the celestial display. He cried out to the night, not to yield to the dawn, as he could not bear to behold the face of Kaikeyi, who had brought him such untold misery. Despite his torment and his denials of ever wanting to see her again, Dasaratha who was still a prisoner of her charms could neither deny her nor abandon Rama. Physically worn out, mentally subjected to unending torment, Dasaratha spent a restless night. With dawn came the sound of eulogies sung by the bards. They faded into insignificance in the face of the unfortunate events that had come to pass. Dasaratha to whom the eulogies meant nothing but a jarring noise, commanded their silence.

The chapter 14 starts with Kaikeyi's entreaties to the king followed by Dasaratha disowning her as wife. The night passes and Sumantra comes to wake up the King. Ordered by Kaikeyi to bring Sri Rama to the king, he departs to fetch Rama to their place.

Kaikeyi looked with utter contempt at Dasaratha, who grieving for his son had fallen senseless to the ground. Indifferent to his suffering she lashed out mercilessly, "Not only have you dishonored my boons, but you have also committed a breach of promise". She reminded Dasaratha of his ancestor Sibi who had sacrificed his body to save the dove from a hawk. Of Alarka, another Ikshvaku who had torn out his eyes to keep his promise to a Brahmin scholar and of the great Sagara who true to his vow never flowed over any territory beyond his bound.

"Truth is Brahman, truth is the foundation of dharma and since you are the essence of truth, honor that truth. For the third time I repeat that you banish Rama and crown Bharata. You may break your promise, but I shall keep mine and will end my life in your presence." Goaded ruthlessly, grieving and groping like one blinded, Dasaratha struggled back to his feet with great effort saying, "Caught in the snare of the cross fires of duty and dharma, I know not what to do. My mind does not function, and I desire to see Rama. Kaikeyi, wretched woman, I rue the day I took your hand in holy matrimony and this day, I disown you and the son I begot by you".

Meanwhile, Vasishta having completed preparations for the coronation entered the city. He asked Sumantra to inform the king of the arrival of merchants, elders, scholars and great monarchs of many lands to witness the coronation of Rama. Sumantra conveyed this to the king and bowed in obeisance saying, "Sire, receive all those that await you in reverence to commence the installation ceremony at your command." With these words, Dasaratha's anguish reached greater heights. As he lifted his head painfully his face was haggard, his eyes were red with weeping and in them was an unfathomable pathos. "You rend my heart Sumantra," said the king, who at that moment should have been full of joy and radiant as the Sun. As Sumantra was bowing away from the king, the cunning queen Kaikeyi pounced on her chance and asked him to fetch Rama, saying that the king was weary, having spent a restless night. Sumantra was hesitant, as he had received no such orders from the king, who coming out of his stupor said "Bring my dear son Rama. I desire to see him."

The unknowing Sumantra, thinking that all was well, went on his way happily and in all haste. He passed through the gates of the palace thronging with people loaded with gifts, eagerly waiting for the momentous occasion.

This concludes chapters 10, 11,12,13 and 14 of Ayodhya kanda where we had seen the ill-motivated queen Kaikeyi, playing an evil role, enters the house of wrath and torments Dasaratha endlessly with her wishes. Caught in a troubled position, the king can neither keep his word nor break it. All the helplessness of the dear father of Rama was in display as the queen doesn’t budge an inch. Let us look at how this slowly develops to engulf everyone and the response from Rama to the dangerous turn of events in the dark in the subsequent posts.

 

 

 

 

Preparations for Rama's Accession to Throne; Sinister Conspiracy by Manthara, Kaikeyi

 

         We had seen the epic unfolding in Ayodhya with the wishes from everyone to coronate Rama as heir apparent of the kingdom. Everyone thinks he is the most qualified person to occupy the throne after seeing his innumerable good qualities and virtues. All of these qualities were laid out at the beginning of this book, as he grew up from his youth. There is nothing that seem to go against this wish of his father and all the subjects concerned. Let us look at how this further develops to realize the wish and the conspiracy that begins to hatch against this wish.

In the chapter 4, let us look at the haste of Dasaratha in Rama’s coronation and the joy of Kausalya in the same. The citizens departed with the great news and the king told his counselors, "Tomorrow when the pushya star is in ascendance Rama shall be consecrated as heir apparent." Once more Rama was sent for and the king told his son that he had ruled long and had enjoyed every pleasure. "I have achieved all that I ever wanted to. In you who have no equal, I have an heir for whom I had pined so intensely. Now nothing remains for me to do and my subjects desire you as their lord. I see signs and omens that do not augur well for me. I wish to see you coronated. " "This may be a favorable time to do so, as Bharata is absent. Surely your brother is noble and full of love for you, but fickle is the mind of man. The most virtuous of them act on impulse." Rama bowed away and went to see his mother Kausalya, who was in the temple praying for him. By her side stood Sita, Sumitra and Lakshmana. Rama, paying his respects to her said, "The next sunrise will see my coronation mother! Please do procure all that is necessary for Sita and me, for the ceremony." Kausalya was ecstatic, she rejoiced in the great honor that was to be bestowed on her beloved son and she said, "May you live long. May your enemies perish and may you bring happiness to all your kin. The prosperity and glory of the kingdom of the Ikshvaku’s, now rests on you." Rama turning to Lakshmana said, "Lakshmana you are my very life, my other self. For you alone do I desire this life and this country. "Bowing in reverence to the two queens and with their permission, Rama returned to his palace along with Sita.

In the chapter 5, King Dasaratha called for his preceptor Vasishta and told him to advice Rama and his young consort to undertake a fast in preparation for the auspicious accession to the throne. Vasishta made his way to Rama's abode where he was received reverently. Vasishta, happy with the warm welcome said, "Tomorrow you will be installed regent by your sire as Yayati was by Nahusha." Rama's imposing and splendorous mansions bustled with charming people and reverberated with the happy sounds of men and women. They had abandoned themselves to great revelry, giving full vent to their joy in anticipation of Rama soon becoming their Lord. The streets of Ayodhya thronged with people pouring in from towns and villages. The entire city was immaculately spruced up, beautifully decorated and the atmosphere was charged with excitement amid great expectations. On the way to the king's palace Vasishta observed this festive atmosphere in Ayodhya anticipating Rama's coronation the next day.

In the chapter 6, the preparations and atmosphere before the coronation day are further described. After Vasishta departed, Rama and his beautiful consort purified by the holy bath began their worship of Lord Narayana. Offering libations to the sacrificial fire and completing other rituals, the royal couple spent a night of fasting and meditation seated on a pile of kusa grass, in the ancient temple of Lord Vishnu. Rising at dawn, Rama listening to the divine Vedic chants turned east, to worship the Sun God and recite the holy Gayatri. Deep and harmonious rang the peace chants, rendered by the Brahmins. Vibrant sounds emanated from all directions in Ayodhya and Rama clad in spotless white, awaited the auspicious moment. The people of the land in anticipation of the great event about to take place bustled around decorating the city. Flags and banners fluttered on every possible building and tree, actors and dancers entertained people with their skills to the sweet music of exotic instruments. Streets were strewn with flowers and great torches large as trees were readied to illuminate the darkness of the nights. People gathered in groups discussing the decision of their beloved king and of their good fortune to have Rama as their lord and protector. The noises of Ayodhya, akin to Indra's Amaravati in splendor, rose to a crescendo, sounding like the tempestuous waters of the ocean at full tide, as people poured in from all directions to participate in the coronation.

The chapter 7 introduces the plot in antithesis to Rama’s coronation. While Ayodhya rejoiced, in the palace of queen Kaikeyi, her hunch-backed maid Manthara, from the home of her royal parents, noticed the sudden surge of the populace. The bustling and gaiety aroused her curiosity and she asked Rama's nurse as to what was causing all the festivity and why queen Kausalya was giving away so many gifts of kind and wealth. "Tomorrow shall witness the installation of Rama as king" was the answer and it made Manthara furious. A woman full of evil, Manthara was consumed by anger. She rushed to Kaikeyi saying, "Are you deluded? Sleeping are you? Wake up, a great calamity is about to befall you". Listening to this violent tirade, the queen wanted to know what made Manthara so angry and unhappy. The cunning woman, pretending to seek her mistress's welfare, invoked Kaikeyi's hostility towards Rama, saying "You are about to be destroyed Kaikeyi. Rama is to be regent and I am afraid for you whose prosperity is my prosperity. The king is devious and crafty. Taking advantage of your innocence he is deceiving you and Bharata by crowning that son of Kausalya. Act now and act speedily, to save yourself, your son and me. Born a princess, queen of the great king, are you not aware how harsh the laws of the realm can be? Do not hesitate, for like an enemy will Dasaratha do unto you and your son". Kaikeyi glowing like the crescent moon rose from her couch and bestowed on Manthara a marvelous jewel, saying "What wonderful news Manthara. I see no difference between Rama and Bharata and I am so happy at Rama becoming regent. Ask what you want and it shall be yours".

Manthara with her wicked thoughts tries to convince Kaikeyi of the possible misfortune that could occur to Kaikeyi and her family if Sri Rama becomes the King. Although Kaikeyi's initial reaction is to praise Rama's qualities; her mind is slowly but surely poisoned by Manathara's sinful words. This is described in Chapter 8 as the following.

Angry and disappointed, Manthara flung the jewel from her saying, "How can you rejoice when there is reason for despair? You are in great peril. The fortunate Kausalya, whose son is to be king, will rid herself of all rivals. You will be her slave and your son will serve Rama". Manthara's tirade did not shake Kaikeyi's love for Rama. She extolled his virtues saying, "Rama is most worthy of being Lord of Ayodhya. Pious, subdued and loyal he has been sinless and truthful all his life. He will protect his brothers and his servants like a father. Why do you mourn? Do not distress yourself on the eve of the coronation. Bharata is noble, but nobler still is Rama who loves and serves me more than he serves his mother. If Rama is king so will be Bharata, for Rama regards all his brothers as his equals." Kaikeyi's words plunged Manthara into deeper gloom. The evil hunchback refusing to accept failure continued with her persuasion. Manthara, after hearing Kaikeyi's words, felt very sad and after a long and hot sigh, spoke to her the following words.

“On one side, you are getting immersed in an ocean of sorrow filled with misery and danger. But due to stupidity, you are not able to perceive the truth and you fail to assess your real position. O, Kaikeyi! If Rama becomes the king, his son will become the king after him in succession. Thus, Bharata's name itself will be removed from the royal clan. All the sons of a king will not be crowned for a kingdom. If all are installed, there will be a great lawlessness. I came here in your interests. But you have not understood me. You think it fit to give me a present when your step-wife is getting prospered. Rama, ascending the throne without hindrance, will either send away Bharata to some other country or have him put to death. This is certain.

Lakshmana protects Rama. Rama protects Lakshmana. Their brotherly love is as famous as that of Aswini celestials. Hence, Rama will not do a sinful act of killing Lakshmana. However, there is no doubt that he will do so in the case of Bharata. Hence, I feel that it is better for your son to go to forest directly from his uncle's house. This is good for you too. If Bharata gets his father's kingdom as per law, it will be beneficial to you and your side of relatives. Your youthful son, habituated to comforts, is a natural enemy to Rama. How can Bharata who failed to achieve his purpose live under control of Rama; whose flourishing object has been realised? Rama is chasing and bringing down Bharata as a lion chases an elephant-king in forest. You ought to protect Bharata. Previously, you treated Kausalya with disrespect due to arrogance that you were fortunate. Will not Kausalya, your rival wife, revenge for that animosity? The day Rama becomes lord of this earth with its great oceans, mountains and towns; that day you and your Bharata will get a bad and pitiable position of ignominy. When Rama gets power of the kingdom Bharata will certainly get ruined. Hence, think of a solution to get your son Bharata the kingdom and to send Rama, your enemy, to exile.”

The chapter 9 describes Manthara's success in turning Kaikeyi's mind away from good towards evil and a complete plot to upend the coronation.

Kaikeyi's ever-pure mind at first resisted Manthara's counsel but soon underwent a terrible transformation. Spurned by fate, instigated by evil, the virtuous woman, discarding all her natural grace grew furious. Flushed with anger she said, "Me, a slave? Never! Tell me how I can banish Rama this moment to crown Bharata as king of Kosala?"

Crafty Mantara with a malicious smile that displayed her diabolic mind said, "Many years ago in a conflict between the gods and the Asuras, king Dasaratha went to aid the gods taking you along with him. Upon reaching the city of Vaijayanta, ruled by Timidhvaja also known as Sambara, a fierce battle ensued, in which Dasaratha was riddled with arrows. Wounded by the missiles and unconscious, he was borne away by you and saved. It was then that the grateful monarch had granted you two boons. You had said that you would ask for their gratification, whenever you so desired. Demand them now! Seek the kingdom for Bharata as one of the two boons. Use the other to banish Rama into the forest for fourteen years".

"Go now into the chamber of anger. Wearing soiled clothes throw yourself on the floor and when the king sees you, unable to bear your distress he will not only honor your wishes but will sacrifice his very life for you. Disregard offers of gold, gems and wealth of every kind as consolation. Do not forget the purpose."

Thus prevailed upon, Kaikeyi fell prey not only to her maid's sinister designs, but also to her scheming mind and physical appearance, "You are the world's first hunch-back who is most consistent and intelligent. Most crippled people are hideous, but you are like the lotus, bent by the wind. A beautiful gold ornament will cover your hump and a gold crown will sit on your head soon as Bharata is crowned, and Rama is banished into the forest. I shall bejewel and bedeck you with the most beautiful of ornaments and clothes, which will make you, look like a goddess and those of your kind will minister to you, as you have ministered to me." Overwhelmed by Kaikeyi's flattering eulogy Manthara said, "Rise and do that which you must do. It is of no use to build a dam, after the waters have drained away".

Kaikeyi went to the chamber of wrath with Manthara. Casting away her jewels and her very precious pearls, laying her golden hued body on the ground she said, "Inform the king that Rama is to be exiled and Bharata installed king. Until such a thing comes to pass, I want neither carpets, crowns, unguents, food nor drink. Not even life itself. If my wishes are thwarted, I shall be the cause of my own death". The defiant queen having pronounced the terrible threat, her face darkened by a wrath she could not contain, flung herself on to the bare earth. Unkempt and unadorned, she was like the night sky bereft of stars.

This concludes chapters 4,5,6,7,8 and 9 of Ayodhya Kanda where we had seen the great atmosphere preceding the succession of Rama to the throne and the sinister plot not just against it but to send Rama into exile. The evil Manthara is the manifestation of such people who are at play to pollute minds and inject doom into a paradise. Let us see how this plot makes way to reality in the subsequent posts.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Outline of First book, Beginning of Ayodhya Kanda

Let us put the brief pause behind and get back to reminiscing the glorious Being. For that will be a good exercise to make us better persons. The story came to a halt at the end of first book – Bala Kanda. This post is the new beginning to mark our voyage into Ayodhya Kanda. Before that let us briefly recollect the important events in the first book.

The epic and the first book begin with Valmiki questioning sage Narada if there is any man who is truly virtuous with all the great qualities. Narada replies there is a man, he is Rama and establishes all his characteristics outlying Ramayana in brief. Then, Valmiki completes writing Ramayana after envisioning it completely and taught it to the twin sons of Rama – Lava and Kusa. The twins sing the epic throughout the land and eventually come before Rama. Thus, Ramayana presents itself as a narration by Lava and Kusa to his father in his courtyard. It begins with the description of Ikshvaku ancestry, King Dasaratha and the land of Ayodhya. Everything is utopian except the King does not have any sons. As a remedy, Dasaratha performs Aswamedha and Putryeshti yaga in the most grandiose and auspicious manner. At the most productive time, a being from sacrificial fire gives celestial porridge to his wives, which bear the sons – Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata and Satrughna to Dasaratha. Rama took birth as an incarnation of Vishnu in human form to rid the world of Ravana, who can only killed by a human.

The next part deals with the arrival of Sage Viswamitra who himself has transcended to Brahmarshi by then. He took the custody of Rama to help him perform yagna which has been disrupted by few rakshasas. The master guides the young Rama and Lakshmana by hand and gives them all the astra , shastra and mantras. He narrates numerous tales of the persons, places while they traverse. Rama slays Tataka, Maricha, Subahu – his first experience in war fare introduced in first book. Viswamitra completes the sacrifice while Rama stands guard. The group then decides to visit Janaka’s sacrifice in his kingdom Mithila. This journey once again gives account of places in between and their rich history.

The trio in Mithila gets to know the famed bow of Shiva and the challenge to string it. Rama then proceeds to not only string the bow, but snap it in the process which prompts Janaka to offer Sita to Rama. Thus the noble ceremony of marriage takes place for all the four brothers. While entourage in on the way back, Rama humbles Parasurama by lifting the bow. The young princess then lead the newly married life in Ayodhya which ends the first book – Bala Kanda. This is the brief summary of the 77 chapters in book one. We dealt with background, twin sons, Ayodhya, Dasaratha, Birth of Rama, his learnings under Viswamitra, marriage to Sita in the journey of Rama till now. Let us look what the second book offers from this post. This book, as mentioned is titled ‘Ayodhya Kanda’ for its backdrop of the city and events taking place within the kingdom.

Let us delve into it. In the first chapter, Valmiki describes the innumerable virtues of Sree Rama. Dasaratha wants to coronate Rama as the crown prince with the approval of all his people. With this end in mind, he invites various citizens, important people from all cities and villages in his kingdom. Let us look the virtues detailed of Rama and the reason behind the thought of coronation below.

Bharata, accompanied by his noble brother Satrughna, journeyed to his maternal uncle's Kingdom of Kekaya. Though they were honoured, welcomed and taken care of, like the very sons of the king, there was no moment that the two princes did not think of their father and no moment that their father Dasaratha, at Ayodhya did not miss his sons. Dasaratha loved all his sons dearly, but the one closest to his heart was Rama, distinguished by his exemplary virtues.

Yielding to the impassioned pleas of the devatas, Vishnu, the eternal, was born among men, to free them from the evil that was Ravana. Born of Kausalya, Rama, the incarnate was her joy and pride. Endowed with every noble quality, there was no virtue that existed in the world which he did not possess, nor did one exist that was not already his. Magnificent and manifold were his virtuous traits. His devotion to truth and righteousness brought him renown as the very embodiment of dharma. Beautiful of form, unrivalled in valour, Rama was an equal of Dasaratha like a light born out of light. Egoless and devoid of hatred he was a son without compare. Tranquility in soul, stranger to envy and softspoken, Rama never spoke a harsh word. Ever graceful and gentle he was the first to address whom so ever he met. Even the lowliest of them were spoken to with utmost affection. Though his strength and courage were without equal, he never took advantage of his might. Well versed in every scripture, his knowledge of all things was boundless, and it never stopped him from bowing with reverence to other scholars. Pledging to protect everyone from all fears, Rama the merciful and compassionate could not stand the sorrow of others. The welfare of his people was his prime concern and to them he was like their very life. The mighty Ikshvaku censured none and none censured him. A personification of righteousness and of unshakeable resolve, he was ever cheerful and guileless. Revered for his incomparable qualities, he was worshipped by the three worlds. Intelligent as Brihaspathi, valorous as Indra his very virtues made him glow with a brilliance like that of the Sun and the earth desired him to be her Lord. An example for all humanity in heroism, unrivalled even by the celestials, the magnificence of his glory was awesome. Large limpid eyes were like fathomless pools of compassion and skin, a soft lustrous blue. Mighty armed and stunning to behold, Rama was an epitome of all that was handsome, wise, compassionate and valiant, admired even by his enemies. Rama born of Kausalya though steadfast as the Himalayas and patient as mother earth blazed like the cosmic fire when angered. Bounteous like Kubera, the lord of wealth, Rama was a savior of creatures.

Beholding this wondrous son of his, endowed with countless outstanding qualities, unattainable by the other princes, king Dasaratha reflected, 'How can Rama be crowned king while I was still live? He is dearer to the people than I am and the one who protects all life on earth.' This thought filled the noble king with irrepressible joy and he called for his ministers to consult with them on this matter. He also told them of his fears about certain inauspicious signs and omens that boded him ill and of his advancing age and waning strength. Dasaratha then sent for the important people of towns and country. Soon monarchs of all the lands with the exception of Janaka and Kekaya to whom it was not possible to send messages, waited with great deference to be spoken to by their king.

In the second chapter, Dasaratha mentions his desire about coronation of Rama before the assembly of people. All people in the assembly unanimously and delightfully accept it while describing all of Rama's virtues. It is as below.

Dasaratha's voice was deep and sonorous like that of a giant gong. It rang across the hall with a booming resonance as he said, 'Sixty thousand years have I lived under the royal canopy. Born of the Ikshvaku dynasty, treading the noble path of my ancestors, I have protected and ruled my people to the best of my ability, endeavoring eternally to establish dharma on this earth. With the permission of all the eminent sages and Brahmins, I seek repose due to my ageing body and failing strength. I desire to install Rama, who is as mighty as Indra and my equal in virtue, as king. I ask your approval to crown him the very next morrow.' Amidst thunderous noises of happy acceptance, the distinguished dignitaries said that it was their cherished wish to see Rama as king.

Dasaratha asked, "Your haste in accepting my proposal raises doubts about myself. Have I erred? Where have I gone wrong?" To the king's query, the monarchs and the other assembled said, "Divine one, the qualities and glory of Rama, surpass those of all other Ikshvakus. He is the noblest. Rooted in truth, versed in every branch of knowledge, he knows neither jealousy nor envy. His charming disposition makes him easily accessible. Receiving all with goodwill and grace, his compassion is so profound that with a single glance he can delve into the hearts of men. Innumerable and rare are the attributes of Rama. Mounted on horse, elephant, or chariot, he never fails to enquire of the welfare of all those that come his way. Each utterance is accompanied by a sweet smile. Like a father and like a friend does he endear himself to his subjects, who adore and worship him. Handsome, as Lord Vishnu, he is capable of ruling all the worlds and is the God of gods. To your good fortune and for the welfare of the world Rama is born as your son and is worshipped by the devatas. The world prays and invokes all that is divine for the prosperity and protection of him who never deviates from the path of dharma. He has every virtue. A virtue not possessed by him does not exist in this world. Without delay enthrone Rama as king" was the unanimous opinion of the people of the land.

In the third chapter, Dasaratha, glad after hearing the words of assembled people, requests Vasishta and Vamadeva to start arrangements for the anointing ceremony of Rama. Vasishta and Vamadeva order the officers present there to make all arrangements, describing them in detail. Dasaratha then orders Sumantra to bring Rama to the assembly. After letting Rama know of his desire, Dasaratha then advises Rama on how to rule the kingdom for the benefit of the people. This is elaborated as below.

The wholehearted acceptance of his proposal sent a wave of joy through Dasaratha who said, "Your wish that my son be made king makes me most happy. In this auspicious month of Chaitra when the trees are in bloom, let things be readied for the coronation." Dasaratha then requested Vasishta to be the master of ceremonies. Taking instant charge, Vasishta ordered for the procurement of all that was needed for the great event, including gold, gems, herbs, unguents and flowers. A double fan made of Yak's hair, an elephant and a whole tiger skin was also on the list. All gates of the palace and city were to be festooned with garlands of flowers. Food prepared was to be of the best quality and enough in quantity to satisfy the hunger of a hundred thousand Brahmins. Invocation (Svasthivachana) was to be performed from dawn the next day. Ayodhya was to look dazzlingly beautiful decked with flowers, perfumed by sandalwood and incense. The streets were to be sprinkled with water and made lively by dancers and singers dressed richly, while temples were to be stocked with food and alms.

Sumantra was sent to fetch Rama from the palace. The king watched his son so very dear to him, approach looking like the lord of the gandharvas. Mighty armed, beautiful of countenance with eyes large like the soft lotus petals, he captivated the hearts of all those that beheld him. His presence made them delirious with joy. Alighting from the chariot, Rama advanced towards the palace that shone like the peaks of mount Kailash. With palms held together, he bowed to his sire saying, 'I, Rama, have come,' and prostrated to Dasaratha touching his feet with reverence. The king then embraced Rama and sat him on a seat made of gold encrusted with the most precious of gems, on which was cast the brilliance of Rama's self-effulgence. "My son, offspring of the best of my queens, you are the most cherished of my children. Virtuous that you are, you have won the hearts of your people. Accept the throne of Ayodhya. Though you are blemish less, my boundless love for you makes me give counsel, for your benefit. Let neither love nor anger sway you. Keep your ministers and subjects happy. Granaries and arsenal must be well stocked. To you, the love of your people is as important as the nectar of immorality is to the gods. Always be calm with all your senses under control and never indulge in acts that generate greed or anger. Be ever aware of all happenings in the country."

Friends of Rama hurried to Kausalya to convey the glad tidings and the queen, filled with joy, gifted them with cows, gold and jewels. Rama adored and worshipped by the thronging crowds took leave of Dasaratha reverentially and retreated to his abode. The assembled crowds, who were happy their wishes were gratified, prayed to the gods for a coronation without obstructions.

This concludes chapters 1,2 and 3 of Ayodhya Kanda where we learnt the many virtues of Rama which ushered Dasaratha to coronate him as his successor. The unanimous approval by all the subjects for this proposal and guidance to Rama from Dasaratha. We also recollected a brief summary of Balakanda in this post. Let us look at the development of obstacles in the path of Rama’s coronation as a King from the next post.

Parasurama - his history, duel with Rama and Closure of Balakanda.

 In the last post, we had seen the marriage saga of Rama and Sita, and in the same way, by virtue of everything falling in place, Lakshmana and Urmila, Bharata and Mandavi, Satrughna and SrutaKirti. All four princess also got married at the same time. While Rama is an ideal man, Rama and Sita symbolizes ideal wife and husband. That they both got married under the aegis of Brahmarshi Viswamitra and all other elderly in the very first book of Ramayana – Balakanda is going to revolve the story around these two for the next many chapters. That we had reached an important milestone in the epic, let us look at what the book offers further.

After the wedding festivities, Sage Viswamitra took leave of Rama and Lakshmana, and retired to the Himalayas. He has no more roles in the Ramayana. Dasaratha too departed, bidding farewell to Janaka who saw him off with all due honors and with many gifts to his daughters. Dasaratha started on the journey with his sons, their new brides, the preceptors and the army. A few miles into their travel, the crows soaring high up in the skies along with other birds suddenly started a cacophony of noises. Calling out shrilly and shrieking fearfully, they boded ill and animals on the ground ran in circles. Dasaratha voiced his worry saying, "The birds are crying out in terror, the animals are running around in a frenzy, and my heart quivers. My mind fears a calamity and I am sad". Hearing these words, Vasishta said, "The birds indicate an imminent ill, but the animals indicate the speedy negation of it, so do not brood my Lord".

No sooner had Vasishta spoken, when sudden tempestuous winds uprooted the trees. The earth shuddered, the Sun hid in darkness, the directions lost their brilliance and the army fell to earth in a faint soon to be covered by ashes that were blown in by the winds. Out of that terrible darkness, Dasaratha beheld the emergence of an ominous form with matted hair, carrying a menacing axe, a bow and a quiver full of arrows, which were like streaks of lightening. It was Prasurama the son of Jamadagni. Invincible to the most valiant of kings, inviolable like Mount Kailash, he looked like Lord Siva, while slaying Tripurasura. His radiance was awesome and no ordinary mortal could behold that dazzling splendor.

Striding forth like a colossus, he made the sages suspect that enraged at the killing of his father by Karthaviryarjuna, he was out to eliminate the very Kshatriya race.

Sage Vasishta and the ‘Rishis’ wondered whether Parasurama had again started his revenge of killing all Kshatriyas. In fact, he had gone round the world twenty-one times earlier, and cleared the world of the Kshatriya race. However, Vasishta and the ‘Rishis’ welcomed him by offering ‘Arghya’ and ‘Padya’. Accepting the hospitality, Parasurama directly addressed Sri Rama: “O Son of Dasaratha! Rama! I have heard about your heroic deeds and also of breaking the Great Bow of Siva at Mithila. It was really unbelievable and astonishing indeed, to hear about breaking that mighty bow of Siva. I have brought with me an equally powerful bow, received by me from Jamadagni, my father–this Vishnu Bow. Therefore, fitting this great and terrible bow with an arrow, simply draw it to its full length and demonstrate your might. Both these two mighty divine bows — the Rudra Bow and this Vishnu Bow– were made by Viswakarma. With these two bows, there was a fight between Lord Vishnu and Lord Siva. The bow which was broken by you was handed over by the Gods to Lord Siva, who was eager to fight with the demon Tripura, and ultimately succeeded in killing him. This second one was given to Vishnu. It is equal in strength to the bow of Siva as proved by the following anecdote.”



“At the time when the demon Tripura was killed by Siva with his bow, all the gods wanted to know from Brahma the relative strength and weakness of Lords Siva and Vishnu. Brahma sowed the seed of discord between the two. A terrible combat ensued between them; during the combat, the bow of Siva was made inoperative and the three-eyed Siva struck motionless by the roar of Vishnu. The Devas, rishis and Charanas intervened and they came to terms.”

“O Rama! I challenge you to string this Vishnu Bow, if you can. In case you are able to do that, you will be worthy to have a duel with me.”

King Dasaratha appealed for peace, in vain.

Let us now see who this Parasurama was. He was the Rama with the axe (‘parasu’) –the first Rama and the sixth ‘Avatara’ (incarnation) of Lord Vishnu. He was born as a Brahmin, the fifth son of his father, Jamadagni and mother, Renuka. By his father’s side, he descended from ‘Bhrigu’, and was, par excellence, the ‘Bhargava’. His mother, Renuka or Renu was the daughter of king Prasenajit. By his mother’s side, he belonged to the royal race of the ‘Kausikas’. He became manifest at the beginning of the ‘Treta Yuga’ for the purpose of repressing the tyranny of the Kshatriyas, the regal caste.

In an earlier life, Parasurama was under the protection of Lord Siva, who instructed him in the use of arms, and gave him a ‘Parasu’, an axe, from which he was named.

By a command of his father, Parasurama cut off the head of his mother, Renuka. At that time, Parasurama was fourteen years of age. Jamadagni had gone out for collection of fruits and roots. Renuka went to the River Narmada (Reva). He found king Karthaveryarjuna having ‘jalakrida’ (playing in water) with his wives. She moved eastwards and found the Salwa King Chitraratha was playing ‘jalakrida’ with his wife. Renuka was impressed by the beauty of the couple. She had never seen such beautiful couples before. She stayed there enjoying their loveplay. When she returned with water, her husband was waiting for a long time. She explained the reason for her delay with all humility. By this, she had incensed her husband by entertaining impure thoughts, and Jamadagni called upon each of his sons to cut off her head. Rumanwat, Suhotra, Viswavasu and Vasu, the senior sons refused. And their father cursed them to be idiots. Only Parasurama obeyed in killing her. His readiness to obey his father pleased the latter, and he granted a boon of the son’s choice. The son begged that his mother might be restored back to life in perfect purity, without ever remembering the killing by him; he also desired that his brothers might be restored to senses. He also begged, for himself, that he might be invincible in single combat and enjoy length of life. All these were bestowed by Jamadagni on Parasurama.

Kartavirya Arjuna, a Kshatriya, and King of Haihayas had a thousand arms. He paid a visit to the hermitage of Jamadagni in the absence of that sage. He was welcomed and hospitably entertained by Renuka with the assistance of the Divine Cow, Suseela. The King wanted to purchase that divine cow in exchange for many cows. This request was not accepted. But when he departed, his minister, ChandraGupta carried off that divine Cow. This ignoble act so enraged Parasurama that he pursued the King and cut off all his thousand hands and killed him. In retaliation, the sons of Kartavirya Arjuna killed Jamadagni, Parasurama’s father. His mother, seeing her dead husband, cried beating her breast twenty-one times. And so Parasurama also vowed vengeance, twenty-one times, against the whole of Kshatrya race. He vowed: “I will go round the Earth twenty-one times and make her free from ‘Kshatriyas’.” The deadbody of Jamadagni was then placed on the pyre for cremation. At that time, accidentally, Sukracharya, came there and with the help of his Mritasanjivani, he restored him back to life.

Parasurama had been famous as a guru of ‘Dhanurveda’ for Karna and Drona in the Mahabharata. Karna was then known as the son of a Sarathi and not as a Kshatriya. He told a lie to his Guru, Parasurama that he was a Brahmin for being admitted as his student. After he taught everything including the secrets of Brahmastra, one day Guru Parasurama slept keeping his head on the lap of Karna. At that time, a worm (which was an Asura called Damsa in his previous birth) pierced the thigh of Karna, and much blood was let out. This awakened Parasurama from his sleep. He knew that a Brahmin could not remain cool and un-affected like Karna when so much blood oozed out. He challenged him that he was not a Brahmin. When Karna confessed that he had to tell a lie to become qualified to be his ‘Sishya’, Guru Parasurama cursed him that he would not remember the Brahmastra mantra when he needed it most in battle.

There is another story of Drona who got ‘Dhanurveda’ from Guru Parasurama. That was when Parasurama had destroyed Kshatriyas in twenty-one rounds and all his wealth was donated to Kasyapa and other Brahmins. Hearing that, Drona approached Parasurama on his way to the Mahendra Mountains. Parasurama said that he had only his body and his knowledge of Dhanurveda left for donation. Drona accepted ‘Dhanur Veda’ (Science of Archery) for himself.

“Thrice seven times, did he (Parasurama) clear the earth of the Kshatriya race, and he filled with their blood the five large lakes of blood, named ‘Samanta Panchaka’, a holy place of pilgrimage at Kurukshetra. All the land taken over by him from Kings was donated to Kasyapa Maharshi. After taking over all the lands thus gifted, Kasyapa told Parasurama: “You have donated all the earth to me. It is not right for you to stay on my land. You may go to the Southern Sea shore, and stay somewhere there.” Hearing this, Parasurama walked to the South and begged land from the Sea. Varuna, the God of Sea advised him to throw a ‘Soorpa’. (a winnowing basket—‘Muram’ in the local language.)

Parasurama threw a ‘Soorpa’ into the sea and reclaimed land from the sea. That reclimed land was called ‘Soorparakam’ or ‘Kerala’. This reclaimed land, Kerala was given as ‘daanam’ (gift) to Brahmins brought from the North by Parasurama. [Source: Mahabharata]. Thereafter, Parasurama went to Mahendra Giri of Western Ghats and did ‘tapas’.

According to “Temples and Legends of Kerala” -

“Traditionally Kerala is associated with the charming myth of Parasurama, the Avatar of Vishnu, who performed penances to atone for the sin of having killied his mother, and the Great God rewarded the devotee for his austerities by reclaiming Kerala from the depths of the Sea. According to legend, it was Parasurama who brought Brahmins to Kerala from the Aryan North and gave them land. Geographically, however, the strip of 579 KM long land of Kerala appears to have been formed by the annual silt brought by the rivers from the Western Ghats, and the association of Parasurama may be a racial memory of the reclamation of the land from the sea. All the same several of the temples in Kerala are associated with the legendary Parasurama.”

Even today, the people of Kerala worship Parasurama as the founder of Kerala; they also honour King Mahabali, associated with Vamana incarnation during their ‘Onam’ festivities. The land of Kerala is even today mentioned in all Vedic chantings as ‘Parasurama Kshetra.’

It was this Parasurama who challenged Sri Rama on his way back to Ayodhya along with the wedding party. King Dasaratha was more than anxious to avoid a confrontation with the legendary destroyer of the Kshatriya race.

Sri Rama accepted the challenge. “As a Kshatriya warrior, it is my duty to accept this challenge. But how can I take up arms against a Brahmin? And that too a close relative of our Revered Viswamitra! The greatness of a Brahmin lies in making a man free from fear and not to frightening him.” Parasurama laughed ferociously and replied: “Ha, Ha, and Rama! I am impressed by what you say; but can you put the string on this bow?”

Sri Rama said, “O Son of Jamadagni! You had been vengeful because your father was killed by a Kshatriya. But you cannot put me down, as you had humbled others. Please give me your bow.”

Rama stepped forward, looked scornfully at Parasurama, as he took the bow, lifted it and strung it with a shining arrow. Parasurama was wonderstruck and hung his head in shame. But Rama said: “I cannot kill you as you are a Brahmin, and closely related to Sage Viswamitra. But when once I fix an arrow to a bow holy like this, I do not take it back. Tell me where I shall aim this arrow–at your ‘Tapas’ or your power of locomotion?”

As brahmin and kshatriya stood poised the gods, the Devatas and other celestials led by Brahma came in hordes to witness this awesome event and the display of Rama's might.

The two Ramas stood facing each other. Rama's eyes beautiful like the soft petals of the lotus met those of Parasurama, which were flashing fire. At that instant the son of Jamadagni lost his powers and was transfixed with wonder. Subdued and gentle he said, "The world is no more at my disposal. I recognize you to be that imperishable divinity, Vishnu, Lord of the gods and unassailable in combat. Do not take away my mobility, which is as swift as thought. Those peerless realms won by my penance you may destroy. Release the arrow and I shall be gone". The arrow shot forward and the regions of Parasurama, gained by his magnificent austerities, disintegrated and disappeared. The brahmin returned to his abode in the hills after paying homage to lord Rama and the world once again saw light emerging from the darkness and dread that had shrouded it.

Parasurama departed. Rama delivered the bow into the hands of Varuna and perceiving Dasaratha's anxiety, wanted to quickly resume their journey to Ayodhya. Dasaratha relieved and ecstatic embraced Rama as though he was born again! Hastening the army, Dasaratha arrived at that most beautiful city of Ayodhya. Bedecked with flowers, fragrant with the scents of incense and sandal it resounded with the fanfare of drums and trumpets the city wore a look of great festivity. Welcoming their king and his entourage people thronged its streets and overflowed them in a show of great joy and gaiety. Dasaratha with his sons and the rest of the royal retinue entered the palace, which was as magnificent as the Himalayan mountains.

At the palace the queens were ready to welcome the new brides who were then ready to worship the family deities. The palace looked festive and was filled with joy. The four sons of Dasaratha, who were best among men, were matchless in valor and unsurpassed in the skills of archery. Dutiful sons they lived in all glory and happiness. Rama whose virtue and truthfulness brought him much fame was dear to the people and their protector! Some days later Dasaratha sent for Bharata and said that Yudhajit his uncle who was at Ayodhya wanted to take him to Kekaya and accompanied by Satrughna were all to all travel on the morrow.

Sri Rama, the best among men, and possessed of all high values by nature, and with all divine weapons under his control, lived happily with Seeta for twelve years at Ayodhya, under the spiritual guidance of Sage Vasishta and other sages and men of wisdom.

Sri Rama, during these twelve years he spent with Seeta, had surrendered his heart to her. Their hearts communed even without speech, and Seeta rejoicing in Rama’s love, shone like goddess Lakshmi in Vaikunta. Much later in life, Seeta had confessed her love to Sri Rama to Anasuya: “Rama is a perfect being. His love for me equals mine for him. His affection is un-changing. Pure at heart, he has mastered his senses.”

Sita's dedication to Rama was absolute and total. So was Rama's devotion towards his consort whom he loved dearly. Her peerless beauty, her accomplishments and above all, her grace and virtue endeared her to him all the more. Their radiance was enhanced in the presence of each other ever in silent communion, their very thoughts coordinated, and they finely honed senses, knew of each other's needs without words. Rama forever dwelt in Sita's loving heart, though he wore a form apart. Sita's celestial beauty matched that of the gods and Rama, though resplendent in his own luster, was rendered more glorious in her presence, just as the glory of Vishnu is enhanced by the presence of Lakshmi.

This concludes chapters 74,75,76 and 77 and with it we had reached the closure of first book – Balakanda. These four chapters dealt on Parasurama and how this mountain of a man was subdued by Rama and the initial years after marriage at Ayodhya.

We have summarized the salient features of all the 77 chapters and 2355 verses of ‘Balakandam’. After reaching the end of first book, we wish to place on record at this stage a few words about the significance of reading and hearing this section - Balakanda of the epic poem which is celebrated as the very first poem— ‘Aadi Kaavyam’. According to ‘Skanda Puranam’, Chapter 23, “daily chanting or hearing of the ‘Balakanda’ section of the Ramayana will bring all auspiciousness and prosperity with children and wealth; and removes family quarrels and cures all diseases of the body and mind.” Yet another work, “Sarvartha-Sara –Vyakhyana”, glorifies the daily reading or hearing of this Kandam by saying: “He who hears the ‘Bala Kandam’, dealing with the birth of Sri Rama will have stable devotion, fufill the desires for enjoyments, and finally merge with the Lord. There is no doubt about it.”

With that, let us look ahead to learning from the next book – ‘Ayodhya kanda’ in subsequent posts.